Photosynthesis: Light-dependent reactions (photolysis of water, photophosphorylation, NADPH production — in thylakoid membrane), Light-independent reactions/Calvin Cycle/Dark reactions (CO2 fixation by RuBisCO, G3P production, RuBP regeneration — in stroma), Factors affecting photosynthesis (light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature, water availability). Respiration: Glycolysis (10 steps — remember PGAL/G3P as key intermediate; ATP yield — 2 ATP net), Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (8 steps; yields 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 per glucose), Electron Transport Chain (NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP — revised P:O ratios; total ATP from glucose = ~30-32 ATP). Plant Hormones: Auxin (apical dominance, phototropism, root initiation), Gibberellin (stem elongation, seed germination, parthenocarpy), Cytokinin (cell division, delay senescence), ABA (dormancy, stress response — abscisic acid), Ethylene (fruit ripening, leaf abscission).
